Cybersecurity Triage
Read-onlyCheck Whether Databases Listen Publicly
You need to know whether PostgreSQL or MySQL is exposed beyond localhost.
Command
ss -ltnp | awk '$4 ~ /:(5432|3306)$/ {print}'Before you run this
System impact: Read-only. Low when scoped to the shown target.
When not to use it: Do not treat localhost binding as complete security; credentials, firewall rules, and tunnels still matter.
Expected output
Listening socket rows for ports 5432 and 3306, including bind addresses.
System impact
Read-only. Nothing changes. ss and awk print matching listening sockets.
Recovery / rollback: no state is changed.
When to use it
Use during hardening, breach triage, VPS audits, and deploy reviews.
When not to use it
Do not treat localhost binding as complete security; credentials, firewall rules, and tunnels still matter.
next steps
Related commands
Check Whether SSH Is Publicly Bound
SSH can be locked down by source and still bind publicly.
ss -ltnp | awk '$4 ~ /:22$/ && $4 !~ /^127[.]/ {print}'
Show Local-Only Database Listeners
The database was listening, but only on localhost.
ss -ltnp | awk '$4 ~ /^127[.]0[.]0[.]1:(5432|3306|6379)$/ {print}'
Find Allowed Ports with No Listener
An open firewall rule can outlive the service it was created for.
comm -23 <(ufw status numbered | awk '/ALLOW/ {print}' | grep -Eo '[0-9]+/(tcp|udp)' | cut -d/ -f1 | sort -u) <(ss -ltnp | awk '/LISTEN/ {n=split($4,a,":"); print a[n]}' | sort -u)
Find Public Listeners Not Allowed by UFW
The process was public, but the firewall did not mention it.
comm -13 <(ufw status numbered | awk '/ALLOW/ {print}' | grep -Eo '[0-9]+/(tcp|udp)' | cut -d/ -f1 | sort -u) <(ss -ltnp | awk '$4 ~ /^(0[.]0[.]0[.]0|[[]::[]]|[*]):/ {n=split($4,a,":"); print a[n]}' | sort -u)
Show Publicly Bound Listeners
Localhost services are different from public listeners.
ss -ltnp | awk 'NR==1 || $4 ~ /^(0[.]0[.]0[.]0|[[]::[]]|[*]):/'
Study mapping
Use this as independent command practice: read the notes, predict the output, then compare it with the example before using a real shell.
Independent study support only. No affiliation, endorsement, exam dumps, or real exam questions.